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KnowledgeLayer 6Human-in-the-Loop

Approval Workflows: Approval Workflows: When AI Needs Human Eyes

Approval workflows route AI decisions to human reviewers based on confidence levels, risk thresholds, or policy requirements. They determine which decisions execute automatically and which need human oversight before action. For businesses, this enables confident automation because high-risk decisions get human eyes. Without approval workflows, AI either executes everything automatically or requires review of everything.

Your AI sends a refund to a customer who asked for a receipt.

When you investigate, nobody reviewed it. The confidence was 68%, but it executed anyway.

Automation without approval is just a faster way to make expensive mistakes.

The goal is not to slow things down. It is to know which decisions need human eyes.

8 min read
intermediate
Relevant If You're
AI systems making consequential decisions
Operations that cannot afford certain types of errors
Teams balancing automation speed with control

HUMAN INTERFACE LAYER - Where AI and human judgment work together.

Where This Sits

Category 6.1: Human-in-the-Loop

6
Layer 6

Human Interface

Approval WorkflowsReview QueuesFeedback CaptureOverride PatternsExplanation Generation
Explore all of Layer 6
What It Is

Routing decisions to the right humans at the right time

Approval workflows determine which AI decisions execute automatically and which require human review before action. They are the control layer that lets you automate confidently because you know risky decisions will get human eyes.

The key is not reviewing everything. That defeats the purpose of AI. The key is knowing exactly which decisions are safe to automate and which need oversight. Confidence thresholds, dollar amounts, policy sensitivity, customer tier - these become your routing rules.

A well-designed approval workflow is invisible 90% of the time. It only surfaces when the AI encounters something that genuinely needs human judgment.

The Lego Block Principle

Approval workflows solve a universal problem: how do you let things run automatically while maintaining control over what matters? The same pattern appears anywhere decisions have varying levels of risk.

The core pattern:

Evaluate decision risk at decision time. Route low-risk decisions to auto-execution. Route high-risk decisions to human review. Learn from outcomes to refine routing rules.

Where else this applies:

Financial approvals - Small expenses auto-approve; large purchases require manager sign-off
Content publishing - Minor edits go live immediately; new pages need editorial review
Access requests - Standard permissions grant automatically; elevated access needs security approval
Customer communications - Routine responses send immediately; complaints route to senior support
Interactive: Approval Workflows in Action

Find the right balance between speed and safety

Adjust routing thresholds and see how 8 refund decisions get routed. Watch for errors that slip through versus decisions that get caught by human review.

Routing Rules

50% (more auto)95% (more review)
$50$500
VIP customers always require review
3
Auto-approved
5
Routed to review
0
Errors slipped through
3
Errors caught by review
Decision Routing
Auto-approveHuman review
Customer requests full refund
92% confidence | $45
Auto-approved
Partial refund for damaged item
68% confidence | $150
Sent to review
Refund for service not receivedVIP
85% confidence | $200
Sent to review
Buyer remorse request
45% confidence | $89
Sent to review
Duplicate charge refund
95% confidence | $120
Auto-approved
Wrong item received
78% confidence | $340
Sent to review
Quality complaintVIP
55% confidence | $75
Sent to review
Late delivery compensation
82% confidence | $25
Auto-approved
Zero errors slipped through: Your thresholds are catching risky decisions. But check if you are over-routing. If 5 of 8 decisions need review, your reviewers may be overwhelmed.
How It Works

Three approaches to routing decisions

Threshold-Based Routing

Route by confidence or value

Set numeric thresholds that determine routing. Decisions above 85% confidence auto-execute. Decisions between 60-85% go to tier-1 review. Decisions below 60% go to senior review. Simple, transparent, easy to adjust.

Pro: Easy to understand and tune. Clear audit trail of why decisions routed where they did.
Con: May not capture nuance. A 70% confidence decision on a $100 action differs from a $10,000 action.

Rule-Based Routing

Route by decision characteristics

Define routing rules based on decision attributes. VIP customers always get human review. Legal-sensitive topics route to compliance. First-time actions for any category need approval. More complex but more precise.

Pro: Handles nuanced cases. Can encode business policies directly into routing logic.
Con: Rules can become complex and hard to maintain. Risk of rule conflicts.

Adaptive Routing

Route based on learned patterns

Use historical data to predict which decisions are likely to need intervention. Learn from human corrections to refine routing. Route decisions that resemble past problems to human review.

Pro: Gets smarter over time. Catches patterns humans might miss in rule design.
Con: Less transparent. Requires sufficient historical data. May need human oversight of the routing itself.

Which Routing Approach Should You Use?

Answer a few questions to get a recommendation tailored to your situation.

How many AI decisions do you need to route per day?

Connection Explorer

"Why did that refund go out without approval?"

The ops lead investigates an automated refund that caused customer confusion. The AI was only 68% confident, but without an approval workflow, it executed automatically. The workflow now routes low-confidence financial decisions to human review.

Hover over any component to see what it does and why it's neededTap any component to see what it does and why it's needed

Confidence Scoring
Escalation Logic
Rules Engine
Approval Workflows
You Are Here
Review Queues
Audit Trails
Controlled Automation
Outcome
React Flow
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Foundation
Understanding
Delivery
Outcome

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Upstream (Requires)

Confidence Scoring (AI)Escalation LogicRules Engines

Downstream (Enables)

Review QueuesFeedback CaptureOverride PatternsAudit Trails
See It In Action

Same Pattern, Different Contexts

This component works the same way across every business. Explore how it applies to different situations.

Notice how the core pattern remains consistent while the specific details change

Common Mistakes

What breaks when approval workflows go wrong

Routing everything for review

Every decision goes to a human queue. The queue becomes overwhelming. Reviewers rush through approvals without really reviewing. You have created the illusion of oversight without actual oversight.

Instead: Start by auto-approving obviously safe decisions. Only route genuinely uncertain or high-risk items. Measure queue depth and reviewer time per item.

No timeout or escalation

A decision routes for approval. The approver is on vacation. The decision sits for three days. The customer has already left. Your approval workflow became a bottleneck.

Instead: Build in SLAs with automatic escalation. If approval is not received in 4 hours, escalate to backup. If still no response, either auto-reject or auto-approve based on risk profile.

Ignoring routing accuracy

Decisions route to humans who approve 99% of them without changes. You are wasting human time on decisions the AI could have handled. Or worse, decisions route that humans reject 80% of - your AI is broken.

Instead: Track approval and rejection rates by routing rule. High approval rates suggest over-routing. High rejection rates suggest your AI needs retraining on that category.

Frequently Asked Questions

Common Questions

What are approval workflows in AI systems?

Approval workflows are routing mechanisms that determine which AI decisions execute automatically and which require human review before action. They evaluate decisions against thresholds like confidence scores, dollar amounts, or policy sensitivity. Low-risk decisions proceed automatically while high-risk decisions route to appropriate human reviewers for approval, rejection, or modification.

When should I implement approval workflows for AI?

Implement approval workflows when your AI makes decisions with real consequences where mistakes are costly. This includes financial transactions, customer communications, access permissions, and any action that cannot be easily undone. Start with your highest-risk categories and expand coverage based on observed error rates and business impact.

What mistakes should I avoid with approval workflows?

The most common mistake is routing everything for review, which overwhelms reviewers and creates rubber-stamping. Another mistake is having no timeout or escalation, causing decisions to stall when reviewers are unavailable. Also avoid ignoring routing accuracy metrics. Track approval rates to identify over-routing and rejection rates to identify AI quality issues.

How do approval workflows differ from escalation logic?

Escalation logic determines WHEN a decision should be routed based on thresholds and rules. Approval workflows handle HOW the routing happens: which queue, which reviewer, what context to include, and what SLAs apply. Escalation decides "this needs review" while approval workflows manage the review process itself.

How do I set confidence thresholds for approval routing?

Start conservatively with lower thresholds that route more decisions to review. Track what percentage of routed decisions get approved without changes. If approval rates exceed 95%, your threshold is too low and you are over-routing. Gradually raise thresholds while monitoring for increases in errors that slip through. The right threshold balances efficiency with acceptable error rates.

Have a different question? Let's talk

Getting Started

Where Should You Begin?

Choose the path that matches your current situation

Starting from zero

All AI decisions execute without human review

Your first action

Identify your highest-risk decision categories. Add manual review for those first.

Have the basics

Some decisions route to humans, but routing is ad-hoc

Your first action

Formalize your routing rules. Set thresholds. Track approval rates to tune.

Ready to optimize

Approval workflows exist but may be over- or under-routing

Your first action

Analyze routing accuracy. Identify decisions you are over-reviewing. Tighten where safe.
What's Next

Now that you understand approval workflows

You have learned how to route AI decisions to human reviewers. The natural next step is managing the queue of items waiting for review and capturing the feedback from reviewers.

Recommended Next

Review Queues

Managing and prioritizing items awaiting human attention

Escalation LogicRules Engines
Explore Layer 6Learning Hub
Last updated: January 2, 2026
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Part of the Operion Learning Ecosystem