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KnowledgeLayer 1Input & Capture

Triggers (Time-based)

Every morning at 6 AM, someone manually runs the inventory sync.

They've been doing it for two years. When they're sick, it doesn't happen.

Last week they were on vacation. Nobody noticed until the warehouse ran out of stock.

What if the system just did it automatically, on schedule, every single time?

8 min read
beginner
Relevant If You're
Running reports at the same time every day
Syncing data between systems overnight
Cleaning up old records on a schedule

FOUNDATIONAL - Time doesn't forget. Schedules run whether you're watching or not.

Where This Sits

Category 1.1: Input & Capture

1
Layer 1

Data Infrastructure

Triggers (Event-based)Triggers (Time-based)Triggers (Condition-based)Listeners/WatchersIngestion PatternsOCR/Document ParsingEmail ParsingWeb Scraping
Explore all of Layer 1
What It Is

A clock that starts workflows automatically

A time-based trigger is a scheduler that fires at specific times or intervals. Instead of someone clicking a button every morning, the system knows: at 6 AM every weekday, run this workflow. The trigger activates, the workflow runs, and nobody has to remember.

The most common format is cron - a decades-old syntax that lets you express complex schedules in a single line. '0 6 * * 1-5' means 6:00 AM, Monday through Friday. Once set, it just works.

Time-based triggers remove humans from repetitive timing decisions. The schedule runs whether anyone remembers or not.

The Lego Block Principle

Time-based triggers solve a universal problem: how do you make something happen reliably at specific times without human intervention?

The core pattern:

Define a schedule expression. The scheduler watches the clock. When the time matches, it fires the trigger. The trigger starts a workflow. The workflow runs to completion. Repeat forever.

Where else this applies:

Daily reports - Generate and email sales reports every morning at 7 AM.
Data sync - Pull data from external API every 15 minutes.
Cleanup jobs - Delete records older than 90 days every Sunday at 2 AM.
Backups - Snapshot the database every night at midnight.
Interactive: Build a Schedule

Configure a cron schedule, see when it fires

Pick a preset or build your own expression. The preview shows exactly when your schedule will run.

Quick Presets

Cron Expression
min
hour
day
month
dow
Runs:
at 6:00 AM
Syntax: * = any, */5 = every 5, 1-5 = range, 0,30 = specific values

Next 5 Executions

Wed, Jan 7, 6:00 AM
Next run
Thu, Jan 8, 6:00 AM
Run #2
Fri, Jan 9, 6:00 AM
Run #3
Sat, Jan 10, 6:00 AM
Run #4
Sun, Jan 11, 6:00 AM
Run #5
Try it: Click "Weekdays at 9 AM" and watch the schedule update. Then try editing the day-of-week field to "1-5" for Monday-Friday only.
How It Works

Three ways to express time-based schedules

Fixed Intervals

Run every N minutes/hours

The simplest form: run every 5 minutes, every hour, every day. Easy to understand but limited flexibility. Great for polling or regular syncs.

Pro: Dead simple to configure and reason about
Con: No control over specific times - just intervals

Cron Expressions

Precise control over when things run

Five fields define when to run: minute, hour, day of month, month, day of week. '30 9 * * 1' means 9:30 AM every Monday. Complex but powerful.

Pro: Express any schedule: business hours, last Friday of month, etc.
Con: Syntax is cryptic - easy to make mistakes

Calendar-Based

Tied to business calendars

Run on business days only, skip holidays, respect timezone changes. More complex but handles real-world scheduling needs.

Pro: Understands holidays, timezones, business hours
Con: Requires calendar integration and maintenance
Connection Explorer

"We need inventory synced before anyone arrives for work"

The warehouse system updates overnight as shipments arrive. By 6 AM when the team starts, the inventory data needs to be in the main system. A time-based trigger at 5 AM starts the sync automatically - no human required.

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Relational DB
Environment Mgmt
Time-based Trigger
You Are Here
REST APIs
Data Mapping
Workflow
Fresh Inventory
Outcome
React Flow
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Outcome

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Upstream (Requires)

Databases (Relational)Environment Management

Downstream (Enables)

Data MappingBatch vs Real-TimeWorkflow Orchestrators
Common Mistakes

What breaks when scheduled triggers go wrong

Don't Ignore Timezones

You schedule a report for 9 AM. But whose 9 AM? The server is in UTC. Your users are in EST. The report arrives at 4 AM their time. Or worse: daylight saving time shifts everything by an hour twice a year.

Instead: Always store schedules in UTC and convert for display. Or use timezone-aware scheduling libraries that handle DST automatically.

Don't Overlap Long-Running Jobs

The sync job runs every 5 minutes. Usually it takes 2 minutes. One day, the API is slow and it takes 7 minutes. Now you have two instances running simultaneously, both trying to update the same records. Chaos.

Instead: Use locks or semaphores. Before starting, check if the previous run is still active. Either skip this run or queue it.

Don't Forget Failure Handling

The 6 AM job failed. Nobody noticed until 2 PM when the data was stale. By then, you've missed half a business day and customers are complaining.

Instead: Every scheduled job needs monitoring. Alert on failure. Have a recovery plan. Consider retry logic for transient failures.

Next Steps

Now that you understand time-based triggers

You've learned how to start workflows on a schedule. The natural next step is understanding how to start workflows when events happen - real-time triggers that respond to actions in your systems.

Triggers (Event-based)
Starting workflows when specific events occur